Europe In Bible Prophecy
Introduction
Dr.
David R. Reagan
The most important
prophetic development of the 20th Century was the regathering
of the Jewish people to their historic homeland in the Middle
East, resulting in the creation of the state of Israel on May
14, 1948. The second most important development was the formation
of a European confederation known as The European Union. Both
of these momentous historical events point to the fact that
we are living in the end times, right on the threshold of the
Tribulation and the Lord’s return.
The Council of
the Union is the chief legislative body. It is headquartered
in Brussels, Belgium, and consists of 87 representatives appointed
by the member states. Some decisions require a unanimous vote;
most require a “qualified majority” of 62 votes. The voting
is weighted in relation to the size of the countries.
The Parliament
of the Union consists of 626 members who are directly elected
for five year terms. The Parliament is a parliament in name
only. It is primarily a public forum whose members sit in blocs
organized according to political views rather than nationalities.
It has been growing in power in recent years. The Parliament
holds its committee meetings at a facility in Brussels. Its
plenary sessions are conducted at its elaborate new headquarters
in Strasbourg, France. Although it has recently gained some
“co-decision” power, its influence is felt primarily through
its discussions and resolutions.
The Commission
of the Union is the agency responsible for implementing
legislation. It is the executive branch. There are 20 Commissioners
— two each from France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Britain, and
one from each of the other member states. They are appointed
for five year terms. The Commission President is the chief executive
officer of The European Union. Romano Prodi of Italy currently
holds this position.
The Court of Justice
has its headquarters in Luxembourg. There are 15 justices,
one from each member state, appointed for terms of six years.
Judgements of the Court in the field of EU law are binding on
all members states, their national courts, their companies,
and their private citizens. The decisions override those of
national courts.
The Central Bank
is located in Frankfurt, Germany and is responsible for
monetary policy and the new Euro currency which was introduced
in January 1999 and which will replace the member states national
currencies in 2002.
Revenue for
the Union in 2000 came to $93.2 billion. The largest source
of income was the 1.27% of Gross National Income that each member
state is required to pay. In 2000 this levy produced 47.8%
of the Union’s revenue. The next highest source (36.4%) came
from a 1% VAT tax (value-added-tax) on goods and services. The
rest of the income came from an assortment of agricultural levies
and custom duties.
Emergence of
a Super-State
The European Union
is poised for a major expansion. In March 1998 the EU opened
talks on full membership with six countries — Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia. In October
1999 the Commission proposed talks with another six — Bulgaria,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Romania, and Slovakia. When these
countries are added, nearly all the people of Europe will be
joined in a single Union by free and democratic consent for
the first time in history.
The movement for
European unity which was launched in 1950 by Robert Schuman
and Jean Monet (see the side bar on page 3) has gradually evolved
into a super-state. An official publication of the Union states:
“The EU system is inherently evolutionary. It was designed to
allow for the gradual development of European unification and
has not yet achieved its final form.”1
Key
Steps in the Development of the European Union
May
9, 1950
The Schuman Declaration
French Foreign Minister,
Robert Schuman announces a plan conceived by
French businessman Jean Monet to pool European
coal and steel production under a common authority.
The result was the creation of the European
Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951 consisting
of France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands,
Belgium, and Luxembourg.
March
25, 1957
The Treaty of Rome
The six ECSC member states
agree to set up a common market called The European
Economic Community (EEC) which went into effect
in January 1958.
January
1, 1973
First Expansion of the Community
Three nations are added
to the community — Denmark, Ireland, and Britain.
Later additions include Greece (1981), Spain
and Portugal (1986), and Austria, Finland, and
Sweden (1995).
June
7-10, 1979
First Elections
Members of the European
Parliament are directly elected for the first
time. Previously the parliaments of the member
nations had appointed the representatives.
February
7, 1992
Maastricht Treaty
This treaty transforms
the EEC from a strictly economic union to one
that is both economic and political, creating
the European Union in 1993.
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The European Union
now manifests three of the most important characteristics of a
state. It has a unified economic system, an integrated political
structure, and a shared vision for the future. Prophecy teacher
Jimmy DeYoung points out that it even has a common language —
namely, English.2 Although many languages are spoken
by the member nations and their representatives, almost all know
English because the Internet has made it the common trade language.
What the Union officially
lacks is a military force. But it is in the making. A military
staff has been assembled, with a commander-in-chief, and it currently
has at its disposal 60,000 front line troops on standby, with
400 assault aircraft and up to 80 warships.3 The British
government refers to it as a “Rapid Reaction Force.” That is nothing
but a euphemism for an army. It has been dubbed “Eurocorps” by
the rest of Europe, and it is supposed to be ready for action
in 2003. The British are downplaying this military arm of the
Union because they want to continue their partnership with the
United States in NATO. The French would like to see the Eurocorps
replace NATO, as it probably will.
Relating
the EU to Bible Prophecy
Kenneth
Humphries
(Note: Kenneth
Humphries is a Baptist pastor in Northern Ireland. He serves
on the board of the Irish Baptist College and is chairman of
the Prophetic Witness Movement International (Ireland). He can
be contacted over the Internet at kennethhumphries@hotmail.com)
An often asked question
these days as I travel from place to place preaching the prophetic
message is, “Does Europe really have a role in biblical prophecy?”
The answer to this question is an emphatic, “Yes!” In fact,
the role of a unified Europe in end time prophecy is much clearer
in the Bible than the role of the world’s only current super
power — the United States. The book of Daniel establishes with
certainty that a unified Europe will rise in the end times out
of the ashes of the old Roman Empire.
Throughout the centuries
since Rome fell, many political leaders have dreamed of resurrecting
the Roman Empire. Napoleon Bonaparte, Benito Mussolini, Adolf
Hitler, and Winston Churchill, for different reasons and with
differing motives, all shared the vision of a United States
of Europe. But that vision had to await God’s timing for its
fulfillment. That timing came at the end of World War II.
Factors Contributing
to Union
Most of Europe was
completely devastated by the war. That devastation prompted
various nations in Western Europe to put aside their age-old
hatreds and jealousies in order to reach out to each other for
mutual support and aid. The result was a series of economic
unions which helped to spur the European economy.
The collapse of Communism
throughout Eastern Europe in the late 1980's and the early 1990's
removed the biggest remaining barrier to European union. Germany
was reunited and all of Eastern Europe was liberated to seek
its own destiny. That destiny has proved to be an expanding
European union.
When the Treaty on
European Union, signed in Maastricht (the Netherlands) on February
7, 1992, came into force on November 1, 1993, it gave European
integration a whole new dimension. The European Community, which
was essentially economic in aspiration and content, was transformed
into a full-fledged political entity known as The European Union.
The European Attitude
The significance
of this new political union in the European mind is well stated
in an official publication of the European Union:
The building of
a united Europe is undoubtedly one of the greatest historical
undertakings of the 20th Century. It is a process grounded
in the positive values with which our civilization identifies
— the preservation of peace, economic and social progress,
respect for the person, and the predominance of right over
might . .
Six countries originally
rallied to the concept of a united Europe, now there are fifteen,
while more than ten others feel drawn towards that ideal and
have applied to join the European Union.
The
20th Century bears tragic scars left by the rise and then the
collapse of the totalitarian ideologies. As the third millennium
dawns, the movement towards a voluntary union among Europe’s
peoples is . . . clearly the only credible answer to the hazards
and opportunities posed by the increasing globalization of the
world economy.1
The foremost symbol
of this new European confederation is the Euro, a common currency
that all members of the European Union are supposed to start
using in place of their national currencies on January 1, 2002.
The announcement of an agreement on the Euro was greeted in
some quarters with an enthusiasm that bordered on blasphemy.
Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Guterres raved: “As Peter
was the rock on which the church was built, so the Euro is the
rock on which the European Union will be built.”2
The Biblical
Significance
The biblical significance
of these momentous developments in Europe has been widely recognized
by students of Bible prophecy. For example, commenting on the
signs of the times that point to the Lord’s soon return, Dr.
S. Franklin Logsdon wrote:
The
present statehood of Israel is a powerful indication of the
ending of the age. The Ecumenical Movement is another. Perhaps
equal to either of these is the European Common Market with
its many implications . . . it is an economic community, a breaking
down of national barriers, a getting together on certain common
bases. The whole idea is to reshape the face of Europe. This
was attempted by Caesar, by Napoleon, and by Hitler, but their
means to this end were not subtle or as workable as those proposed
by the Common Market. They used ammunition; today’s promoters
use bread. And let it be said that the reshaping of the face
of Europe approximates the kingdom to arise out of the old Roman
Empire — the last Gentile power.3
Those words were
written in 1973, long before the European Economic Community
had evolved into the much stronger and more significant European
Union of 1993.
The question is,
can we find this newly emerging power bloc in Scripture? Yes,
I believe we can. Chapters 2 and 7 of Daniel is where the European
sign is revealed. We are told that the prophecies given to Daniel
in these chapters relate to “the latter days” (2:28), “to what
would take place in the future” (2:29). Daniel’s prophecies
are based upon a dream which God gave to Nebuchadnezzar (2:31-35).
Interpreting that dream, Daniel concluded that it revealed a
succession of Gentile empires, beginning with the Babylonian
Empire, followed by Medo-Persia, Greece and Rome (2:36-40).
The last Gentile
world empire will be a confederation of nations (2:41-43) that
will arise out of the old Roman Empire (7:7-8). And out of that
confederation, the Antichrist will arise, using the revived
Roman Empire as his base to conquer the world (7:8, 23-25).
But this final Gentile empire will be short-lived, for it will
be suddenly crushed by the return of the Messiah who will “set
up a kingdom which will never be destroyed” (2:44).
The Practical
Meaning
I believe that today,
before our very eyes, we are witnessing the fulfillment of these
ancient prophecies of Daniel. Europe has reunited into a revived
Roman Empire that is expanding rapidly in size. As it grows,
and as national identities are de-emphasized, it will most likely
be divided into ten administrative areas, just as Daniel prophesied
(2:42-44 and 7:7 — the ten toes of chapter 2 correspond to the
ten horns of chapter 7).
What does all this
mean for you and me? If what we are seeing on the European scene
just now is indeed what God has prophesied — and I, for one,
am without doubt it is so — then we are on the threshold of
the Lord’s return. Are you ready for such an event? If not,
then do you know what to do? There is only one way to get ready
and that is to believe on the Lord Jesus Christ and be saved!
If you are saved, then pray for the salvation of your family
members and your friends and neighbors. And then witness Jesus
to them. Don’t let those you love and care about go to an awful
Hell.
The
New Unholy Roman Empire
Alan
Franklin
(Note: Alan
Franklin has been a journalist for 37 years. He currently serves
as editor of a newspaper in southern England. Alan is a Bible
prophecy teacher and expert on the cults. He can be contacted
at alan.franklin@ntlworld.com)
I have been a journalist
since 1964, spending ten years as a chief reporter and the last
17 as the editor of a journal serving a quarter of a million
readers in southeast England in the London area. As a Christian
versed in prophecy I cannot help but see in the emerging European
superstate the foundations of a one world government with a
one world dictator at its head — the man whose Biblical names
include “the Beast,” “the man of sin” and “the Antichrist.”
In fact, leaders
in Europe are already calling for a strong leader, saying that
committees do not work and they need more inspired leadership.
German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer repeated his call for
a European government in July, 2000, and said the European single
currency — the Euro— was “the first step to a federation.” He
added that he wanted a “powerful president.”1
Fischer said his
aim was “nothing less than a European parliament and a European
government, which really do exercise legal and executive power,”
to operate under his powerful president. More sinisterly, he
welcomed the progress made in removing the “sovereign rights”
of nations which he defined as control of currency and control
of internal and external security.
In summary, Fischer
said, “Political union is the challenge for this generation.”2
The Desire for
a Superstate
I was invited to
Brussels, where the European Parliament is situated, in my role
as publisher of a business newspaper. I watched the vote taken
as eleven countries abandoned their own currencies to form a
united Eurozone with the euro replacing everything from the
lira of Italy to the Irish pound. They were effectively voting
for the abolition of the nation state, and it was astonishing
to see with what little formality or protest countries like
France and Germany gave up control of their financial and economic
destiny to join in the project to create “a common European
home,” as the founding fathers of the European Union put it.
No mention was made of the crippling cost to nations of scrapping
their currencies.
After the vote I
went to lunch with six MEPS — Members of the European Parliament
— of different political parties. We talked about the future
and I said that, as they now had one parliament and one currency,
they were in many senses effectively one country. They could
not really disagree, as the EU has all the trappings of a state,
even its own embryonic army — the planned 60,000 rapid-reaction
Eurocorps. So I asked: “Have any of you thought about the next
step?” They asked me what I meant. So I explained that, with
one currency and one parliament, the next big step was to have
one leader or one fuhrer, (one Antichrist!). After all, it was
Hitler who was the last leader who tried to unify Europe under
one Government with one currency.
The Desire for
a Superman
That many in Europe
have been thinking on these lines for years is shown in a chilling
quote from Paul-Henri Spaak, former Belgian Prime Minister and
President of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe
nearly 50 years ago. He said : “We do not want another committee.
We have too many already. What we want is a man of sufficient
stature to hold the allegiance of all people, and to lift us
out of the economic morass in which we are sinking. Send us
such a man and, be he God or the devil, we will receive him.”3
More recently Jack
Lang, then president of the French National Assembly’s foreign
affairs committee, said that the EU “needs a single figure at
the helm.” Attacking the inertia in European foreign policy,
he said Europe needed a strong central government with a single
“personality” in control.4 Students of Bible prophecy
will have little doubt who this “personality” will be.
A Global Vision
The present format
of the EU cannot last, and it was never intended that it should.
Right from the beginning, the founders had grand, globalist
ambitions. Addressing the European Policy Centre in September,
2000, Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt described the
subterfuge adopted to set up the embryonic EU. “With the European
Coal and Steel Community, the seeds were sown of the European
Union of today. It was the initial impetus to the development
of a community approach, step by step forging European integration
by joining, and sometimes also by abolishing, national sovereignty
into a joint approach.”5
Turning to the next
great leap forward, Verhofstadt said: “It is of the utmost importance
to keep in mind a global vision of the ultimate goal of European
unification.” This is a good thing, he explained, because “the
European Union as it is now could never be the ultimate goal.”
He said the pace of integration must never slacken lest, “in
the worst case, countries will start to plead for the restoration
of their former sovereignty.”6 Notice that national
sovereignty — independence — is referred to in the past tense.
Underlying Values
Next came the real
bombshell. The Belgian said that there must be values underpinning
this vast undertaking — the largest coming together of countries
in the history of the world. But whose values? His answer: “the
values which resulted from the French Revolution.”7
So, the values of the brave new Europe are to be those of the
country which gave us the guillotine, the reign of terror and
the time of blood washing through the streets of France!
“The Portman Papers,”
a quarterly newsletter keeping watch on developments in the
superstate, says in its October 2000 edition: “Verhofstadt’s
values come from this. Eight years before the French Revolution
began in 1789 with the Declaration of The Rights of Man, the
General Council of Freemasonry at Wilhelmsbad, convened by Adam
Weishaupt, founder of the Illuminati, drew up the blueprint.
Its evil spirit was epitomized in Maximilian Robespierre, whose
technique of terror anticipated Stalin’s by 100 years.”8
The French Reign
of Terror claimed over a million victims. Inmates of prisons
were slaughtered. Human heads were counted up like scores on
cards. The terror was justified in the name of “democracy.”
Similarly the coming clampdown on free speech, religious freedom
and free political parties by the “beast of Brussels” system
is being justified by words like “anti-discrimination” and a
“charter of rights.”
Other Influences
What is emerging
in Europe is a new Holy European Empire, an attempt to resurrect
the old Holy Roman Empire that existed under the Pope. This
is becoming increasingly blatant. The Vatican is playing a
major role in the creation of the new European Empire, and Catholic
social values — so-called “Christian Socialism” — are at its
heart. The present Pope has repeatedly called for religious
unity in Europe. This means a united, Catholic Europe, which
was consecrated to Mary by the Vatican in 1309.
When I visited Strasbourg,
the French city near the German border which, with Brussels,
co-hosts the European Parliament, I was introduced to the head
of the house of Habsburg, Otto von Habsburg, a man whose family
dominated Europe for centuries. Full of charm and intelligence,
he said that instead of war, a great new Europe could be built
on peaceful cooperation. His ideas go far beyond this, however.
In his book, The Social Order of Tomorrow, he writes:
Now we do possess
a European symbol which belongs to all nations equally. This
is the crown of the Holy Roman Empire, which embodies the tradition
of Charlemagne, the ruler of a united occident . . . the Crown
represents not merely the sovereignty of the monarch, but also
the ties between authority and the people. True, it is the monarch
who is crowned, but in this sacred act he appears as the representative
of the whole people. It should therefore be considered whether
the European head of state, as the protector of European law
and justice, should not also become the guardian of a symbol
which, more than any other, represents the sovereignty of the
European community.9
Dr. Habsburg wants
to see Europe have an elected head of state — a man elected
for life. This influence of both Charlemagne and the Habsburgs
hangs heavily over the new federal Europe. The crown of Charlemagne,
the first person to attempt to revive the Roman Empire in 800
AD, is an inspiration to those who promote the breaking down
of nation states, and a Charlemagne prize has been established
for those who work hardest for European unity. One who did was
ex-President Clinton, who in June 2000, was the first American
president to receive the Charlemagne prize for his work in promoting
European unity. He received the prize at the cathedral in Aachen,
Germany, where the first Holy Roman Emperor lies buried. Clinton
called for an enlargement of the EU to even take in Russia.
America and the
EU
In a report in The
Daily Telegraph, President Clinton said the European Union
should have at least 30 member states, including all the nations
of the Balkans, Turkey and possibly even Russia. He said that
European peace and prosperity now depended on the EU setting
its boundaries ever wider. The report stated that Mr. Clinton
was determined to be viewed as “part of a family of statesmen
associated with European integration.”10 He held
private talks with Helmut Kohl, the former German Chancellor,
in Berlin.
Although Mr. Kohl
has been discredited by a party funding scandal inside the Christian
Democrat Union party, he is still regarded as the most important
force behind European integration in the past 30 years. It is
easy to see how these two suspect “statesmen” have much in common,
but it is difficult to see how the establishment of a major,
often anti-American power block in Europe could be in America’s
interests, and thus it is surprising that it has been American
policy to push for greater unification of Europe.
Perhaps America’s
fine new President is the man to see the folly of this.
Religious
Symbols of the European Union
Alan
Franklin
The Bible teaches
that the Revived Roman Empire of the end times will be a creation
of Satan, and out of it will come his representative, the Antichrist.
The fact that the formation of the European Union has major
spiritual implications is reflected in the religious symbols
that the Union has adopted in the form of its flag, its anthem,
its architecture, and its basic logo.
The Madonna
The European Union’s
flag consists of 12 stars, inspired by the halo of 12 stars
that appear around the Madonna in Catholic pictures of her.
A former secretary general of the Council of Europe, Leon Marchal,
affirmed that the stars are those of “the woman of the Apocalypse.”
Enthusiastically he explained, “It’s wonderful that we have
gotten back to the Introit of the new Mass of the Assumption.
It’s the corona stellarum duodecim (the crown of the twelve
stars) of the woman of the Apocalypse.”1 This is
a reference to the woman in Revelation 12 who appears with a
crown of 12 stars. Although this woman represents Israel, the
Catholic Church has always claimed that she represents the virgin
Mary, “the mother of God.”
The EU, which now
has 15 member countries, has confirmed that the number of stars
will always stay at 12, which indicates that the stars do not
represent countries. I quote from a leaflet, “Building Europe
Together,” which I was given on a visit to EU headquarters in
Brussels: “The European flag (is) a shared flag, blue with 12
gold stars symbolizing completeness. The number will remain
12 no matter how many countries there are in the European Union.”2
The Anthem
The same document,
issued to commemorate “Europe Day, May 9,” also touts Europe’s
new common anthem, “Ode To Joy,” the prelude to the last movement
of Beethoven’s ninth symphony. The EU document states that although
the anthem officially is the “Ode To Joy,” it really is an “ode
to freedom — to a sense of community and to peace between the
15 countries which have decided to unite and to others which
will freely decide to join them.”
In fact the “Ode
To Joy” is not quite that innocent. The lyrics, by a man named
Friedrich von Schiller, concern the entering of the shrine of
a pagan goddess and the uniting of all men in brotherhood, by
the power of magic.3
The Tower of
Babel
An amazing poster
was issued by the European Union, showing the Tower of Babel
and carrying the slogan: “Many tongues, one voice.” In case
the point was lost, a crane in the background was shown rebuilding
the tower. Above the Tower of Babel were shown the eurostars,
but inverted, as in witchcraft, with the central points downwards.
The story of the
rise and fall of Babylon told in Genesis chapter eleven should
have been a warning to all men for all time. Nimrod and his
followers tried to build a tower to reach the heavens, but it
was the counterfeit building of a counterfeit religion.
Mystical Babylon
is now being rebuilt in Europe, and those who would follow Nimrod
have now succeeded in building a parliament building in Strasbourg,
France, whose centerpiece is an enormous replica of the unfinished
tower of Babel. Even the secular press could not miss the connection
between the old and new towers of Babel. They labeled the new
French structure “The Tower of Eurobabel.” This monumental
building, full of labyrinthine corridors, is used only one week
in four, because the rest of the time the EU Parliament meets
in committees in Brussels. Every three weeks the whole caboodle
shuffles between the two sites in a fleet of 200 trucks, at
enormous expense. An MEP I know was there on the day Eurobabel
opened and reported total chaos in the £300 million structure,
commenting: “If they can’t run a building, should we trust them
with a continent?”
Nigel Farage is a
member of the European Parliament who belongs to the United
Kingdom Independence Party, which is fighting to get Britain
out of the superstate. He said in an article just after the
opening day: “We realize we are not merely entering a building,
but being allowed access to the temple of a bold new empire.”4
The Woman Riding
a Beast
Another demonic biblical
symbol that is being used in conjunction with the European Union
is the one from Revelation 17 where a “great harlot” is depicted
riding a beast. For some strange and unknown reason this symbol
is being used to represent the EU! For example, when Britain
issued a stamp to commemorate the first European Parliament
elections in 1979, the picture on the stamp depicted a woman
riding a beast.
According to the
Rev. Dr. Ian Paisley, a Northern Ireland Protestant minister
and member of the European Parliament, the woman on a beast
is now the official picture of the EU. He points out that the
multi-million dollar new parliament building in Brussels, Belgium,
contains a dome with a colossal painting, three times life size,
of a woman riding a beast.
In Strasbourg, France,
the rival parliamentary building (the one with the Tower of
Babel) features a mural of a naked woman riding a beast. Likewise,
the new Brussels headquarters of the Council of Europe contains
a bronze statue of a woman riding a beast, and the beast is
depicted riding on waves, just as in Revelation 17.
Scripture is being
fulfilled before our eyes, for those with eyes to see.
Notes
Related to the EU Articles
Introduction
1) “The
European Union: A Guide for Americans,” published by the Delegation
of the European Commission in the United States, Washington,
D.C., October 1999, p. 7. This is an excellent booklet, and
it can be obtained free of charge by writing The Delegation
of The European Commission, 2300 M Street, NW, Washington,
D.C. 20037. Or, you can order it from the Delegation’s website
at www.eurunion.org.
2) Jimmy
DeYoung, “Europe, NATO and the Antichrist,” Israel My Glory,
March/April 2001, p. 19.
3) EU: Final
World Empire, a video program by Alan Franklin and Tony Pearce
produced by Hearthstone and distributed in the United States
by Southwest Radio Church in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Relating
the EU to Bible Prophecy
1) Pascal
Fontaine, “Seven Key Days in the Making of Europe,” an article
posted on the Internet website of Europa: The European Union
On-Line, located at http://europe.eu.int/index_en.htm#.
2) Van Impe
Intelligence Briefing, February, 1996, available on the Internet
at www.jvim.com.
3) S. Franklin
Logsdon, Profiles of Prophecy, (Michigan: Zondervan Publishers,
1973), p. 119.
The New
Unholy Roman Empire
1) “German
Foreign Minister floats idea of elected EU president,” The Financial
Times, July 7, 2000. This article was a report on a speech by
Joschka Fischer to the European Parliament’s constitutional
affairs committee.
2) Ibid.
3) This
is a frequently quoted remark attributed to Paul-Henri Spaak.
However, its original source is uncertain.
4) The London
Times, August 19, 1997, quoting a speech by Jack Lang which
he gave in Paris.
5) Speech
by Guy Verhofstadt at the European Policy Centre on September
21, 2000.
6) Ibid.
7) Ibid.
8) The Portman
Papers, October 2000. This is a quarterly newsletter concerning
developments within the EU.
9) Otto
von Habsburg, The Social Order of Tomorrow, Newman Press, 1959.
10) “EU
must embrace Russia, says Clinton,” by Toby Helm, The Daily
Telegraph (of London), June 3, 2000, page 12.
Religious
Symbols of the European Union
1) Remarks
of Leon Marchal were reported by Dr. William Crampton, executive
director of The Flag Institute in York, England. The remarks
were made in 1973.
2) Building
Europe Together, a pamphlet published by the European Union,
Brussels, Belgium, 1997.
3) Adrian
Hilton, The Principality and Power of Europe, Dorchester House
Publications, England, 1997, second edition in 2000. A copy
of Schiller’s mystical words for “Ode to Joy” can be found on
the Internet at www.ddc.net/ygg/etext/ode.htm.
4) Article
by Nigel Farage in The Daily Mail (London), July 24, 1999.